Canso



The area was established in 1604, along with Port Royal, Nova Scotia. The British construction of a fort in the village (1720), was instrumental in contributing to Dummer's War (1722–1725). The town is of national historic importance because it was one of only two British settlements in Nova Scotia prior to the establishment of Halifax (1749). Canso played a key role in the defeat of Louisbourg. Today, the town attracts people internationally for the annual Stan Rogers Folk Festival.

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Contents
[hide] *1 History
 * 1.1 Raid on Canso (1718) - The Squirrel Affair
 * 1.2 Raid on Canso (1720)
 * 1.3 Dummer's War
 * 1.3.1 Raid on Canso (1722)
 * 1.3.2 Raid on Canso (1723)
 * 1.3.3 Raid on Canso (1725)
 * 1.4 King Georges War
 * 1.4.1 Raid on Canso (1744)
 * 1.4.2 Siege of Louisbourg
 * 1.5 Father Le Loutre's War
 * 1.5.1 Raid on Canso (1749)
 * 1.5.2 Attack at Canso (1753)
 * 1.6 French and Indian War
 * 1.6.1 Expulsion of the Acadians
 * 1.7 American Revolution
 * 1.7.1 Raid on Canso (1775)
 * 1.7.2 Raid on Canso (1776)
 * 1.7.3 Raid on Canso (1779)
 * 2 Today
 * 3 Events
 * 4 Geography
 * 5 See also
 * 6 References
 * 7 External links
 * }

edit] History
Since the 16th century, Canso has been a strategically important fishery base. It is said that the harbour of Canso was frequented by European fur traders and fishermen within a dozen years of the arrival of Columbus in America, and an attempt at settlement was made here as early as 1518.

Acadian Governor Razill built a fortified post, Fort Saint-Francois at Canso with Nicholas Le Creux, Sieur du Breuil as lieutenant.|[2]

edit] Raid on Canso (1718) - The Squirrel Affair
Shortly after Southack established himself at Shelburne, Nova Scotia (1715), the Mi'kmaq raided the station and burned it to the ground.|[3] In response, on 17-24 September 1718, Southback led a raid on Canso and Chedabucto (present-day community of Guysborough) in what became known as the Squirrel Affair. Southack laid siege for three days to Fort St. Louis at Chedabucto, which was defended primarily by Acadians.|[4] There were approximately 300 Acadians in the area.|[5]

On board the HMS Squirrel, Southack killed numerous Acadians and imprisoned others. On September 18, British marines landed on Lasconde's Grave and seized the entrance to Chedabucto Harbour. The following day the HMS Squirrel landed troops at Salmon River who then proceeded to the rear of the village. The HMS Squirrel made its first attempt to enter the harbour but was beaten back by the Acadian cannon fire from the fort. Later in the day the village was captured by the land troops. On September 20 the HMS Squirrel made a second, and successful, attempt to enter the harbour. Once in the harbor, the ship fired upon the fort.

On September 23, Southack pillaged and burned the village. The pillaged goods were then loaded onto several French ships that had been captured in the harbor. The following day, September 24, Southack released the Acadian prisoners onto the Canso Islands without any provisions or clothing.|[6] Others fled to Isle Madame and Petit-de-Grat, Nova Scotia.|[7] He seized two French ships, and encouraged Governor of Nova Scotia Richard Philipps to fortify Canso. |[8]

edit] Raid on Canso (1720)
On August 7, 1720, 60-75 Mi'kmaq joined French Fishermen from Petit de Grats and attacked the fortification as it was being built. The Mi'kmaq killed three men, wounded four, and caused significant damage.|[9] The New Englanders took 21 prisoners which they transported to Annapolis Royal. This raid on Canso was significant because of the involvement of the Mi'kmaq and was significant in leading to Dummer's War.|[10]

In the Fall of 1720, the New Englanders built a fort named Fort Phillips, after the Governor of Nova Scotia Richard Phillips.|[11] Construction of such a permanent facility was a violation of long-standing agreements between the Mi'kmaq and the fishermen. This significant violation helped precipate Dummer's War.|[12]

In 1721, Governor of Massachusetts took proprietarial attitude toward the Canso fisheries and sent the HMS Seahorse to patrol the waters off Nova Scotia. With the arrival of British troops, the Mi'kmaq discouraged from attacking until the following year.|[13] The HMS Seahorse was replaced in 1721 by a New England vessel, the William Augustus under the command of Southack.|[14]

edit] Raid on Canso (1722)
In the lead up to Dummer's War, in July 1722, the Mi'kmaq and some Abenakis began a major offensive against New England fishermen and traders in an attempt to blockade the Nova Scotia capital of Annapolis Royal. Natives captured eighteen trading vessels in the Bay of Fundy and an additional eighteen New England fishing schooners between Cape Sable and Canso.|[13] As a result, the New England Governor declared war on the Mi'kmaq which lasted three years.

The ship William Augustus led ships from Canso to protect the fisheries, which resulted in the battle at Jeddore Harbour, Nova Scotia.|[15] Only five native bodies were recovered from the battle and the New Englanders decapitated the corpses and set the severed heads on pikes surrounding Canso's new fort.|[16]

edit] Raid on Canso (1723)
On 23 July 1723, the village was raided again by the Mi'kmaq and they killed three men, a woman and a child.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16">|[17] In this same year, the New Englanders built a twelve gun blockhouse to guard the village and fishery.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17">|[18]

edit] Raid on Canso (1725)
In 1725, sixty Abenakis and Mi'kmaq launch another attack on Canso, destroying two houses and killing six people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18">|[19]

edit] Raid on Canso (1744)
Main article: Raid on CansoAt the outbreak of King George's War, the French destroyed the flourishing fishing village during the Raid on Canso (1744).

edit] Siege of Louisbourg
A year later, the village Canso was used as a staging area for the Siege of Louisbourg (1745). General Sir William Pepperell arrived at Canso, Nova Scotia, with four thousand and seventy troops, April 4, 1745, and, in three weeks was joined by Commodore Warren, with four ships from England.

edit] Raid on Canso (1749)
During Father Le Loutre's War, in August of 1749, Lieutenant Joseph Gorham was at Canso and his party was attacked by Mi'kmaq. They seized his vessel and took twenty prisoners and carried them off to Louisbourg. Three English and seven Mi'kmaq were killed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19">|[20]

edit] Attack at Canso (1753)
On February 21, 1753, 9 Mi'kmaq in canoes attacked an English vessel which had a crew of four at near-by Country Harbour, Nova Scotia. The Mi'kmaq killed two English men and took two others captive for six weeks. After seven weeks in captivity, on April 8, the two English men killed six Mi'kmaq and managed to escape.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20">|[21] In response, on the night of April 21 the Mi'kmaq attacked another English schooner in a naval battle between Outique Island and Isle Madame in which the Mi'kmaq attacked an English schooner. There were nine English men and one Acadian who was the pilot. The Mi'kmaq killed the English and let the Acadian off at Port Toulouse, where the Mi'kmaq sank the schooner after looting it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21">|[22]

edit] Expulsion of the Acadians
During the Expulsion of the Acadians the famous ship the Duke William was in port for almost a month awaiting passage to France (1758). While in port the vessel narrowly escaped a raid by Mi'kmaq.

edit] Raid on Canso (1775)
During the American Revolution, Canso was subject to numerous raids by American Privateers. George Washington's Marblehead Regiment raided Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island on 17 November 1775 and three days later, they raided Canso Harbor.

edit] Raid on Canso (1776)
On September 22, 1776, Canso was attacked by American privateer John Paul Jones - the Father of the American Navy. The privateer sailed on the USS Providence and destroyed fifteen vessels, and damaged much property on shore. There he recruited men to fill the vacancies created by manning his prizes, burned a British fishing schooner, sank a second, and captured a third besides a shallop which he used as a tender. Jones then pillaged the community of Petit-de-Grat, Nova Scotia and Arichat, Nova Scotia on Isle Madame, Nova Scotia and then returned to Boston.

On 22 November, John Paul Jones returned to Canso in the USS Alfred. Boats from the ship raided the community, his crews burned a transport bound for Canada with provisions and a warehouse full of whale oil, besides capturing a small schooner. Captain Jones then went on to present-day Sydney, Nova Scotia to free Americans imprisoned in the British coalmines.

edit] Raid on Canso (1779)
Again in 1779 American Privateers destroyed the Canso fisheries, worth 50,000 a year to England.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22">|[23]

edit] Today
In a plebiscite held on July 12, 2008 residents narrowly voted to amalgamate the town with the neighbouring Municipality of the District of Guysborough. The decision to amalgamate was put off, and after review was rejected again in March 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23">|[24]

edit] Events
Canso is host to the Stan Rogers Folk Festival, an annual event held around the Canada Day weekend. This event attracts over 10,000 visitors, who enjoy music from all over the world on seven different stages over the 3 days.

Each year, during the second week of August, a regatta is held within the town. This week-long event includes boat races, a mid-way, parade, seaman's memorial, hootenannies as well as various activities for the youth. The regatta draws many previous generations of the town to serve the purpose of a Come Home week. Each year, the regatta has a theme which is reflected in the parade, with 2009's being The Circus Comes to Town.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24">|[25]

edit] Geography
The town is located on the southern shore of Chedabucto Bay. The southern limit of the bay is at Cape Canso, a headland approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) southeast of the town.

Canso Harbour is protected by the Canso Islands, a small archipelago lying immediately north and east of the mainland, with Durells Island, Piscataqui Island, George Island, and Grassy Island being the largest.

Canso is the southeastern terminus of Trunk 16, an important secondary highway in Antigonish and Guysborough counties.

As the town is situated on the end of a peninsula jutting into the Atlantic Ocean, Canso frequently experiences fog, particularly during the warmer summer months when continental air temperatures collide with cooler ocean temperatures offshore.

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